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Vade Retro Satanas ! Physicists are Mad,
they see Infinities Everywhere... |
Re-examined Kerr Black Hole |
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Pictures of galaxies and their cores, gotten by Digital Processing, show
that the Black Holes are not a myth. But it appears that they don't
function strictly according to models elaborated by theoreticians, and
therefore that a work of observation and reflection is necessary. Ideas
and hypotheses, that we propose here, are only working tracks. It
is right to consider them with prudence and open-mindedness therefore.
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Bernard Lempel, September 26th, 2001_
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Two black hole models have been proposed
by theoreticians
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The spherical symmetric black hole
It is this model that, wrongly, is always presented. I won't write about
it, because this model has against it two arguments that challenge it
definitely. The first is that any massive object (star) that collapses
keep inevitably its angular moment, and therefore ends always as a
relativistic rotationnal black hole. However, proved to the contrary,
there doesn't exist in the universe any stars that don't turn on
themselves. And the second is the apparition of a "peculiarity"
under the shape of an infinity of density, that is physically
unacceptable.
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The black hole with symmetrical axis. (Kerr
Black Hole)
This model seems a lot more close to the physical reality. It takes into
account the consequences owing to the angular momentum of the star. It
describes a plausible relativistic final state. Unfortunately it only
describes an inferred final result, but not what really happens during
the collapse, and that can considerably modify this final state. On the
other hand it doesn't solve, him either, the problem of the "peculiarity"
met in the Black Hole with sperical symmetry. These are the reasons that
impose to revisit this model.
Comment :
Let us insist on this point, we do not speak here
about the " mathematical peculiarity ", but a lot of physical
peculiarity.
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Kerr Black Hole Revisited, Some Hypothesis. (KBHR)
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Collapse..
During the collapse of a massive star, owing to the conservation of the
angular momentum, the angular rotational speed of the star accelerates
so that speed at the equator tends toward the maximum speed "C".
(light speed # 300.000 km/s)
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Inertial effects.
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When this maximum speed is reached (O) then one
leads to a balance (FR) between the gravitationnal
forces (G) and centrifugal forces (FC). The latter
tend to increase indefinitely (relativistic function) whereas
gravitationnal forces tend to be globally constant since directly linked
to mass, and because geometry is limited at best as a sphere.
The collapse is then stopped.
During all the length of the collapse, and outside the equator the
physics obeys the classical laws of the mechanics. So the centrifugal
force, owed to the inertia, is oriented, since the rotating axis, for the
equator. Consequently, matter, all the matter, is projected toward the
equator where it accumulates under the shape of a relativistic tore.
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In the tore, and solely there, the centrifugal
force is oriented inwards. (relativistic effects) We have therefore in the
tore a confinement effect. Let's note that matter is then under shape of à
very high-density plasma of particles. (Neutrons, protons, electrons,
etc.) But one notices that this model doesn't imply that the density is
infinite.
We have just seen that the inertia has a very big role
to play at the time of the formation of the KBHR. But its role
doesn't stop there. The inertia is directly linked with mass. And the
moment of inertia is linked directly to the angular rotational speed of
the tore. It implies that the more massive the black hole, the more it
behaves like an absolute inertial flatform. Its rotating axis
cannot change in any significant way during the time. It is a "quasi-perfect"
relativistic gyroscope. In the future one would be able to perfectly use
this property of hyper-massive black holes situated in certain galaxy
cores as references to map the universe. (M 87 for example).
The inertial moment is such, that all "attempt" to
modify it is doomed to failure. So the accretion of matter by a star
entails inevitably the ejection of an equivalent mass from the
KBHR. If it were not the case, the KBHR would explode. That is
all the more true when the ratio of momentums of inertias between the
black hole and the star is bigger. Let's note that, in this case, this
ejection can only take place in its plane of rotation. This property
implies that KBHR are completely stabilized objects and that
their mass is invariant as soon as their equator achieves the speed limit.
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Magnetic fields.

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We saw that the KBHR presents himself under the
shape of a plasma core in relativistic rotation and made of very
high-density particles. If some of the these particles are charged, then
one can assimilate this tore as a superconductor submitted to a
huge electric current because amplified according to the relation :

The plan of the tore is therefore crossed by an extremely intense magnetic
field. But attention, it is not the charged particles that circulate in
matter, it is the tore, in other words it is the material support, that is
in rotation and that carries with it the charged particles.
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The result of this feature is that the magnetic field
is also in relativistic rotation, in relation to its axis. Field lines of
the magnetic field cross the plan of rotation of the KBHR with an
external radius greater than that of the equator of the tore (Black Hole).
The diagram, opposite, shows the path of one of these field lines.
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Because of the limitation of the maximum speeds
achieved, the difference of angular rotation (difference of phase), between a point situated on the equator of the
KBHR and a point situated on a field line in the same plan, is roughly
equal to:
The effect, at the level of the rotation plane, is a
distortion of each field line proportional to this difference of phase.
This effect is cumulative, during the rotating of the KBHR. So,
when the accrued phase reaches :
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i.e. complete relative rotation, then one has
recombination of every initial strength line under shape of two resulting
field lines in the plane of rotation. Fragments of initial axi-polar
field lines recombine themselves also. The process continues then
indefinitely and the final result is the obtaining of a toric magnetic
field in the plan of rotation of the KBHR. That is quite equivalent
to a Tokamak, even though it is not gotten in the same way as the
one that is used by physicists to get fusion energy a certain day.
This magnetic field, together with an electric field, are able to eject
from the KBHR the charged particles (Protons and
electrons) and to accumulate them, under shape of a ionized plasma
in the magnetic tore, which is then self maintained by these particles.
Notice that, on the one hand, gravitation has no known direct effect on
the magnetic field, and, on the other hand that, on the atomic scale,
gravitation is a weak strength as compared with the electromagnetic
strength.
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- Toric magnetic field linked to a dipolar magnetic field.
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It can occur that, the magnetic environment of a
KBHR is influenced by the magnetic field of an object as a black
hole, a magnetar, or a neutron star. According to the
situation these linked fields can be toric or dipolar. The recombination,
in the intermediate space, of field lines allows a collimated magnetic
field to form. This property is an essential condition for the formation
of the axi-planar jets of the type of the one that has been put in
evidence, elsewhere, in the
galaxy M 87.
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Ejection of matter.
One saw that because of its invariance of mass the KBHR is able
to eject matter, in its plane of rotation. But this matter can only be
constituted of neutrons, which bombard the tore of plasma, with all the
ensuing physical consequence. If the temperature of plasma is lower
than 2 MeV, the nuclear processes, which occur allows the particles
to recombine together and the result is Permanent Primordial
Nucleosynthesis.
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Observations:

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The picture of the core of the galaxy
M 87 gotten by Digital
Processing of the photograph made by the
ESO at the
VLT is maybe a good
indication that the considered hypotheses correspond to reality. Let's
note that the spreading of the tore of plasma is the image of the
spreading of the field lines in the plane of rotation of the KBHR.
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Mechanisms of accretion. Other Hypotheses.
A KBHR is an object whose mass is several solar
masses. After its birth one can consider two cases.
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If it was born in an environment poor of matter, the
KBHR will remain as is for an indeterminate length.
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On the other hand if it was born in a rich in matter,
gases and stars environment, then a mechanism of matter accretion is
started toward the KBHR. But because of its invariance of mass
the same amount of mass is ejected. This accretion/ejection increases
the global mass of the system. Therefore increasingly matter is accreted.
And increasingly mass ejected. We thus have a real self-inducted
avalanche phenomenon. It is a systemic phenomenon with positive
feedback. Once the phenomenon begins, it can never stop. The only
limitation is the global quantity of available matter. It is this
mechanism that permits the recycling of matter, it is therefore
everlasting. An extremely simple question appears then: Where is the
main part of the mass of the KBHR ?
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Only in the toric Black Hole ?
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In the accreted matter ?
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In the ejected matter ?
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In the tore of plasma ?
The answer is simple. The mass is distributed on the
whole of the these elements. Proportions are surprising. More than 99% of
the mass, is distributed between matter in accretion and matter in
ejection. The KBHR is only the priming of the self-inducted
avalanche phenomenon. As soon as the phenomenon is started, if one
suppressed the black Hole, the phenomenon would continue nevertheless,
because the isolated mass of the black hole is negligible in front of the
acreted/ejected matter.
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Maybe galaxies are born this way. Moreover nothing
prohibits that the black hole, initiator of the phenomenon from beeing
ejected from its central position also that the black hole may not be the
mass orbiting around the mass being accreted. Or also, that the black hole
may be caught in a high -energy jet coming from the center of the galaxy,
as shown in the treated general view of M 87.
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Conclusions: |
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Magnetism is able to generate mustaches " around a
KBHR.
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Magnetism permits the ejection of the charged matter.
The balance of masses is not negligible!
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The inertia, under its centrifugal force
demonstration, permits the ejection of matter out a KBHR
(Neutrons).
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Hyper massive Black Holes are self-regulated systems.
If matter is accreted, then the same quantity of matter is ejected.
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The Black Holes are system interacting with their
environment. We cannot consider them as isolated objects.
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The KBHRs of galaxy cores are self-maintened
avalanche systems.
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The KBHRs are matter recycling factories.
They provide the permanent "primordial" nucleosynthesis.
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Intensities of some known or supposed known Magnetic fields :
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Source:
ESO
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Object |
Intensities (Gauss) |
Earth
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0,6 |
Common permanent magnet
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102 |
Permanent most intense (Laboratory)
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105 |
Ephemeral the most intensive (Laboratoiry)
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107 |
The most intensive in an ordinary star
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106 |
Typical in a radio pulsar
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1012 |
Typical in a Magnetar
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1015 |
Black Hole
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